Genes are usually packed together inside a genome, which is itself contained inside an organism. "[25] However, examining the human propensity for altruism, kin selection theory seems incapable of explaining cross-familiar, cross-racial and even cross-species acts of kindness. [32], Writing in the New York Review of Books, Gould has characterized the gene-centered perspective as confusing book-keeping with causality. Take it with you wherever you go. The gene-centered view of evolution is a synthesis of the theory of evolution by natural selection, the particulate inheritance theory, and the non-transmission of acquired characters.

Since evolutionary fitness is measured in terms of passing on your genes to the next generation, Dawkins theorized that each gene acted in a way that would allow it the best opportunity to be replicated and passed on to the next generation. In his book River out of Eden, Dawkins coins the phrase God's utility function to explain his view on genes as units of selection. Altruism is defined as an act that does not benefit the individual that performs it. Genes group together into genomes because "genetic replication makes use of energy and substrates that are supplied by the metabolic economy in much greater quantities than would be possible without a genetic division of labour. The result is that "the prevalent genes in a sexual population must be those that, as a mean condition, through a large number of genotypes in a large number of situations, have had the most favourable phenotypic effects for their own replication. "[19][20], The gene as an informational entity persists for an evolutionarily significant span of time through a lineage of many physical copies.[2][21]. It is the net selective value of a gene's phenotypic effect that determines the fate of the gene. Natural selection acts on the phenotypic differences and thereby on genes. Williams argued that "[t]he natural selection of phenotypes cannot in itself produce cumulative change, because phenotypes are extremely temporary manifestations."
You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). The self-selecting process predicted by the selfish-gene model becomes quickly skewed when correlations in reproduction exist which give rise to less than complete mixing of alleles in the gene pool. That is it. (Editor's Note: This story is based on a brief release submitted by David R. Efros of the New England Complex Systems Institute.). Don't have time for it all now? The key concept is that any action is a supremely self- serving one on the part of the actor, devoid of motivation to serve the larger group to which the actor belongs (i.e., genes as parts of an organism). Proponents of the gene-centered viewpoint argue that it permits understanding of diverse phenomena such as altruism and intragenomic conflict that are otherwise difficult to explain from an organism-centered viewpoint.[4][5]. To Gould, the fatal flaw was that "no matter how much power Dawkins wishes to assign to genes, there is one thing that he cannot give them – direct visibility to natural selection. In terms of the selfish gene theory, Dawkins proposed that the gene pool is an evolutionary environment, in which ‘good’ genes (those which survive in the gene pool) are selected for.

This phenomenon is called intragenomic conflict and arises when one gene promotes its own replication in detriment to other genes in the genome.

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