[35] Gould acknowledged that Dawkins was not imputing conscious action to genes, but simply using a shorthand metaphor commonly found in evolutionary writings. It is because of the phenotypic differences between alleles. The Theory. The debate remains unresolved because the gene-centered view is, demonstrably, partially valid. One necessary condition is that the selected entity must have a high degree of permanence and a low rate of endogenous change, relative to the degree of bias (differences in selection coefficients). And this approximation does not always work. And the high prevalence of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and archaea means that genomic combinations of these asexually reproducing groups are also transient in evolutionary time: "The traditional view, that prokaryotic evolution can be understood primarily in terms of clonal divergence and periodic selection, must be augmented to embrace gene exchange as a creative force. This theory implies that adaptations are the phenotypic effects of genes to maximize their representation in future generations. This process produces adaptations for the benefit of alleles that promote the reproductive success of the organism, or of other organisms containing the same allele (kin altruism and green-beard effects), or even its own propagation relative to the other genes within the same organism (selfish genes and intragenomic conflict). Eusociality - animals living in a group with only one queen, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The formulation of the central dogma of molecular biology was summarized by Maynard Smith: If the central dogma is true, and if it is also true that nucleic acids are the only means whereby information is transmitted between generations, this has crucial implications for evolution. "[23] For instance, a gene can cause its bearer to have greater reproductive success at a young age, but also cause a greater likelihood of death at a later age. Among others, the well-known evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin and philosopher Elliott Sober have raised specific objections to this focus on the gene. [clarification needed], The view of the gene as the unit of selection was developed mainly in the works of Richard Dawkins,[11][12] W. D. Hamilton,[13][14][15] Colin Pittendrigh[16] and George C. Life is like a current passing from germ to germ through the medium of a developed organism. It is generally destroyed with its organism, because "meiosis and recombination destroy genotypes as surely as death. (The reason we shouldn't think about organisms as competing is that we would then have to think about genes that are part of the same organism as cooperating -- which, according to Dawkins, genes don't really do.). Those who disagree with the theory note that individual genes do not control an organism’s behavior and that they therefore cannot act selfishly. Many organisms are part of populations that do not satisfy this condition. The gene-centered view, Dr. Bar-Yam points out, can be applied directly only to populations in which sexual reproduction causes complete allelic mixing.

Williams argued that "[t]he natural selection of phenotypes cannot in itself produce cumulative change, because phenotypes are extremely temporary manifestations." In terms of the selfish gene theory, Dawkins proposed that the gene pool is an evolutionary environment, in which ‘good’ genes (those which survive in the gene pool) are selected for. These genes can persist in a population even when their transmission results in reduced fertility. [21] A selfish gene could be favored by selection by producing altruism among organisms containing it.

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