Koch, Lene, Tvangssterilization i Danmark 1929-67 [Enforced sterilization in Denmark 1929-67], Gyldendal, Copenhagen 2000.

The African-American scholar and activist Angela Davis dissected the racism in Sanger’s version of birth control: “When Margaret Sanger…[built] an independent birth control campaign, she and her followers became more susceptible than ever before to the anti-Black and anti-immigrant propaganda of the times. “The greatest benefit rendered by this act is that it greatly extends the access to sterilization on the basis of the individual’s own wish,” so claimed Karl Evang in an article in the Tidsskrift for seksuell oplysning [Journal of Popular Sexual Information].7 Sterilization could now be carried out in persons above 21 years of age who wanted the procedure, provided that the application included a “legitimate reason”.

Furthermore he suggests that the circumstances in which many women lived – what he terms “the force of circumstances” – should be taken into account in an assessment of the history of sterilization in Norway. En operativ ufruktbargjørelse kan her i adskillige tilfelle være på sin plass." Documenting a shift in class distribution is one thing; it is far more difficult to find evidence to the effect that a shift of this kind is also an expression of a change in the very purposeof sterilization, and that the choice for many working-class women was subject to the force of circumstances. Roll-Hansen, Nils (2001): “‘Eugenikk’, ‘racehygiejne’ og ‘tvangssterilization’.

It argues that to preserve racial hygiene, the government should enact three coercive measures. Ragnar Vogt (1870-1943), psychiatrist and member of the Committee on Criminal Law Reform, characterised the draft for a new Sterilization Act as “an act of distinct liberalism”. Rev. Another consequence has been a refusal to come to grips with – or a denial of – the existence of a fundamental dilemma: How to act on the fact that there are some people who evidently cannot have care of children?

In her study of the Danish sterilization practice over the period 1920 to 1967, Lene Koch chose to classify applications for sterilization by whether they were based on purely eugenic indications, purely social, or eugenic and social indications. Would she herself be met with rebuke from the people around her?”16. Research in the field does, however, show that this was done in a number of cases, particularly with women who had had one or more previous abortions. We do not know how contemporary practitioners, caregivers and close relatives view the desirability of mentally retarded, mentally reduced or severely insane people having children, whether or not they see a sterilization procedure as problematic, and how they assess sterilization in relation to other methods of contraception. The sterilization issue was, however, and Haave documents this, integral to Norwegian post-war health policy, a programme that drew heavily on ideas derived from the medical specialty of public health and in which hereditary factors as well as social and economic conditions were seen as causing ill health and distress. 2, p. 140-62. (...) Modern till en gravt förståndshandikappad flicka i Östergötland vill inte att flickan skall äta p-piller, då hon redan får kraftiga mediciner för bl.a. In his view, the “real leitmotiv” of the act was that “persons who cannot or should not assume the obligations of parenthood – or new obligations of parenthood – shall be allowed to be spared thereof, if need be through sterilization.”8. If we consider the group of people for whom sterilization requires an application and the consent of a legal guardian, we may ask: “Are too many or too few now undergoing sterilization?” No one knows. NO / DE / EN. He did so this time, too. The provisions in the Act relating to access to sterilization etc of 1934 included not only sterilization but also castration. Tydén, Mattias, Från politik till praktik.

The impact of the methods of contraception available on sterilization practice in Norway is also overlooked or at the very least superficially treated in the literature in the field. The staff is concerned that the girl will get pregnant. Skall vi sätta människovärdet i första hand, bör en ändring i lagen komma till stånd. That “Chicago 7” is turning up on Netflix at this precise moment is no accident, the moment being serious. In Sweden, too, the social reasons for sterilization were emphasised. 3, 1980, p. 259-83. It’s an open question. On the basis of the available data on procedures carried out it is difficult to assess the number of involuntary procedures, though Per Haave suggests a relatively extensive use of indirect enforcement. Proposition to the Odelsting no. She has had sole custody of her daughter since she was a little girl and could not cope with taking on the responsibility for a young child again. Because of weaknesses in the contemporary statistical procedures there are no reliable data on the number of sterilization procedures carried out that require a legal guardian's consent. Source: Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD). Sometimes a child has to be born before caregivers react. Act aimed at the protection of the Norwegian race, in force from January 1943 and suspended in 1945, permitted the use of physical coercion. To rid society of “genetic inferiority” – ethnic minorities, the mentally retarded, the insane and other “deviants”, who also taxed the social services budget of the Welfare States, had been the main objective of the policy of enforced sterilization. Women from working-class families in difficult financial circumstances were the big user group up to the mid-1960s; in the ensuing years more and more men and middle-class women also opted for sterilization: “This shift is also an expression of a change in the purpose of the procedure: Increasingly, sterilization was used as a family planning method; earlier on it was essentially a solution to difficult social and financial circumstances.” (My italics.)42. Who governs the Catholic Church? They embody the country-club ethics of exclusion turned lethal. In all these areas Haave sees traces of indict coercion as a consequence of “the Welfare State failing to do justice to women who for various reasons were in need of temporary infertility, though not necessarily permanent sterility.”39, Neither before nor with the Abortion Act of 1960 was there any authority in law to make sterilization a condition for induced abortion. Oönskade i folkhemmet. Sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, Michigan State University Press 1996. Kuralt headed a coercive eugenic sterilization program in the state when he served as Mecklenburg County’s welfare director from 1945 to 1972. In the international professional literature, references to the shocking number of victims of sterilization policies in the Welfare States keep turning up, so does the example of Scandinavia as a bugbear in debates on genetic testing and therapies, and the potential for selection or rejection of individuals or characteristics. John J. Conley, S.J., is a Jesuit of the Maryland Province and a regular columnist for America. He demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)with white eyes from a family with red eyes, demonstrating that major genetic changes occurred outside of inheritance. Getting her husband to understand and to using a condom seemed to me out of the question. The leading Norwegian geneticist Otto Lous Mohr (1886-1967) warned against “too great expectations in relation to the noticeable effect of a sterilization act as far as the genetic improvement of the population is concerned”.24 He was, however, in favour of the act opening up for sterilization of the insane and the mentally deficient without their consent, as this “will indeed cover the not particularly numerous cases in which a procedure of this kind is legitimate and justifiable, also from the point of view of genetics”.25 However, Mohr emphasised the social reasons for sterilization: Many mentally ill individuals (the insane, the mentally deficient etc.) Vi kan väl inte blunda för att lagen bör ha en regel för undantag i vissa fall." Why are we still celebrating her? Why go to all the trouble with using a diaphragm if they had already had all the children they wanted? Haave did not find any reference to sterilization as a potential social policy initiative in any of the seminal policy documents on the Welfare State developed by the post-war Labour Party in Norway. Dette gjelder ikke bare buskapen, men også alle nyttevekster som landbruket er avhengig av. Dr Evang’s objections did not bring about any changes of wording in the act itself, but in two subsequent guidelines to the act (of 1938 and 1950) the requirements for sterilization without personal consent where tightened up. "Denne forskyvningen uttrykker også en endring i formålet med sterilizering: I økende grad ble sterilizering brukt som prevensjon i en bevisst familieplanlegging - mot tidligere vesentlig å ha vært en løsning på en vanskelig sosial og økonomisk situasjon." Her måtte vi kunne få en sterilizering. A great deal of research has gone into elucidating which directions within eugenics that came to be decisive for the legislation and the practice in this area and the extent to which mainline science was involved in developing the eugenic efforts.

For those who wish to study the magnitude of the use of force under the act of 1934, it might be useful to take a closer look at contemporary practice in this area. Between 1934 and 1977, a total of slightly less than 44,000 sterilization procedures were performed in Norway under the 1934 act. Evang also thought it objectionable that the act covered three completely different target groups for sexual surgery: sexual offenders, carriers of an unfortunate hereditary disposition, and mentally adequate people who wished to avoid having children. [...] "[det] som må karakteriseres som et overordnet prinsipp i DSRs [Det sakkyndige råds] saksbehandling" of this type of cases: "Hvorvidt tilstanden var arvelig eller ikke, synes å ha vært av underordnet betydning; det avgjørende var hvorvidt vedkommende ikke kunne antas å være i stand til å ta hånd om barn." More than 30 states passed laws authorizing agencies to sterilize forcibly those considered “unfit” for childbearing. We ask readers to log in so that we can recognize you as a registered user and give you unrestricted access to our website. Zaremba, Maciej, “Rasren i välferdsstaten [No mixing of races in the Welfare State]”, Dagens Nyheter 20 August 1997. Physical coercion was not allowed.

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