1 r m D^ 4 i t o « n J o * ^ w ^ y c O d £ o dfe £ , r O f » vJJ z s h din Barani, introd. (2) D^emshld we-Khurshid, a mathnawl on the theme of the love of a Chinese prince for a Byzantine princess, based on Salman Sawadji's poem of the same title. ], whom he persuaded to go to Kufa, and himself joined him there on 10 Djumada II 199/26 Jan. 815. His son Ya c fcub (883-96/1478-90) was, on the whole, a successful ruler, but after his death struggles began between his children and his nephews. But in 1901 he quarrelled with Ihsan and resigned; their estrangement lasted till 1907. The Bhau now decided formed his northern frontier. 7. Kur'an, ii, 265) and where they are now constructing a town (about 90 miles south- west of Lahore). = Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. ); S. Niizhet Ergun, Turk $airleri, i, 384 ff.

(M. PLESSNER) AL-AfiHLAB AL-'IEJLl (AL-AGHLAB B. Volkes', v, 173 and note 17 (by A. Harkavy); Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. The last way of approach, however, gained so much the upperhand in his own re-interpretation of Islam, that it was felt to injure the specific character of religion, in spite of his sincere intentions to counter secularism. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA XIX P. I234b, BIRESEIK, add to Bibliography. The Pronunciation of the Kurgan.


J. Since primitive Muslim law was a doctrine of essentially oral transmission, which on a common substructure left a wide latitude to individual variations, any systematic codification, such as to impose it in the terms of thought of any particular representative or to congeal it by fixation, was to change its inner character. Ahmad Pasha was acknowledged as the greatest poet of his day and was imitated by many poets of the late isth and early i6th century; and his influence can be felt even after his poetry lost its preponderant position owing to the new trends initiated by Nedjatl and especially by Baki.

biblical history and the contemporary Jews of AHL AL-KAHF [see ASHAB AL-KAHF]. (Eo.) Born (c. 1506) in the Hubat district of the state of Adal he attached himself to al-Djardd Abun, leader of the militant party opposed to the pacific policy of the Walashmac rulers towards Abyssinia. After establishing himself with his family in Bahrayn, and later in Basra, he made several journeys in alc lrak and, from 1221/1806 onwards, also in Persia, where he made the pilgrimage to Mashhad and, on his return, settled at Yazd as a teacher, enjoying the greatest veneration. year was once more on his way back to Afghanistan. F. Codera, Madrid 1887-89 (BHA V-VI) Ibn al-Athlr = K. al-Kdmil, ed.

This intelligent and cultured princess who, according to certain chroniclers, was also something of a magician, speedily assembled at Aghmat a literary entourage and introduced the rough Lamtuna chieftains from the Sahara and their wives also to a more cultured mode of existence. It again became the seat of government in the third year of Akbar's reign (965/1558), when he took up residence in the citadel formerly known as Badal Gadh, and his nobles built their houses on both banks of the river. Regarding himself as heir to Nadir Shah's ABU NASR, son and successor of Muhammad Shah.

bearman (pp. hist, de la Syrie, 181 and index. His father, a native of Iskilib (Iskilip, west of Amasia) had been a notable scholar and sufl. Page size 292 x 450 pts

1.

The jurisdiction of Muhammad, in particular, is opposed to that of paganism (v, 50). His Lehd^e-yi 'Othmdni (ist edition 1293/1876: 2nd edition 1306/1890), the first Turkish dictionary in Turkish worthy of the name, a concise work of which the fullest use has not yet been made, formed a basis for the work of Shams alDIn Saml Bey Frasheri and many others (see the preface to the Supplement of Barbier de Meynard, i, p. v). This work seems to be identical with the Tabakdt which are mentioned as a work of Abu €Aruba by al-Dhahabi. By of Afghans. Abu Hayyan was a master of Arabic style. In spring 858/1454 Abu Sacid crossed the Oxus and took Balkh. Ahmad took that he might have the personal use of them by an active part in the battles of Khurasan and Rayy keeping their sum a secret from his brother alunder Ismacll, and in the conquest of Sistan under Muwaffak, he placed the financial administration of Ahmad b. Ismacil. Surrounded by famous philosophers, physicians and poets, he perfected his literary knowledge and developed his artistic taste. Ahmad YasawTs tomb became a place of pilgrimage for kings and princes and was especi?ily venerated by the Turks of Central Asia and the Volga region. The Fatawa of the Companions and Idjmac. He died in 1747, on his return from an expedition against the Baban ruler Salim, and was buried at the side of his father near the tomb of Abu Hamfa. OM = Oriente Moderno. The coalition then broke up and Ziyadat Allah pardoned the remaining rebel chiefs. He took part in the Ayn-i CAH, Kawdnin-i Al-i 'Ottoman (Istanbul 1280, campaign of Egri (Erlau) in Hungary in 1004/1595, 12), the sandjak contained 914 timdrs.

Jahrhundert, 111-5; H. C. Kay, Yaman, xviiif.
The leader of the movement from its inception until his death in 1951, prolific author of much of its literature, and chief creator of its distinctive intellectual contribution was Mawlana Muhammad CA1I. Ibrahim I had to suppress two Arab revolts: that of Hamdis b. cAbd-al-Rahman al-KIndi (186/802) and that of c lmran b. Mukhallad (194/809), in both of which Kayrawanis were involved.

Both cAbd al-Rahman and Luhayfa were converted and fled. He rendered great services to his countrymen in the field of social and educational reform; but also his significance as a religious reformer is not to be neglected. To-day the latter is a small country town named simply Orika. They were he married Hadrat Begam, daughter of the late defeated with enormous slaughter near Gudiarwal in emperor Muhammad Shah, while his son Timur was a battle known to Sikhs as the Ghallughara. The accession of Yusuf was by no means received with unanimous approval. 4} commentary on the Kaslda al-Shdtibiyya (printed in Cairo). The latter afterwards became successively the wife of the Lamtuna chief Abu Bakr b. cUmar [see ALMURABITUN], and of his lieutenant and successor Yusuf b. Tashufin. AUTHORS W. POPPER, University of California, Berkeley. (Salhani), 315; Cantor, Vorlesungen iiber Gesch. Not long afterwards he seized Yas! There he wrote a number of books, some of which were published in Istanbul under a pseudonym. In the light of the materials described above, Dozy's view must be regarded as open to question; but up to the present time no text has come to notice which allows of a definite decision. The centrifugal forces working within his army of nomads and the setback given by the early successes of the Portuguese force which had arrived in 1542 after Lebna Dengel's death, led him to send to the Pasha of Zabld for disciplined musketeers. Even the shah (Fath cAli Shah ICadiar) summoned him to Teheran, and loaded him with honours. des Deutsch-Osterr., Alpenver., 1895; M. Ebeling, Der Ararat, ibidem, 1899, 144-63 (on p. 162-3 some bibliographical and cartographical references). Ibn Sacdan was appointed by Samsam alDawla as his vizier in 373/983. The boy received a good traditional education, in Arabic and Persian, and was from childhood studious and reflective. The city remained Humayun's and Shir Shah's capital, but neither Humayun, nor Shir Shah or his successors were able to spend much time there. He continued therefore to remain in retirement, sometimes even (it is said) in hiding, in order to escape from his enemies (Mandkib, 348-9). I9ov-i96v) and Munedj[diim-bashi, Sahd'if al-Akhbdr (in the abridged Turkish translation, iii, 154-67). Eginhard, Annales Francorum, an. The river, which bounds the garden on the north, provides marvellous reflections of the building. 1306/1889). Their sins fall into the moral as edification", witnesses of previous revelations (xv, 43 (45); xxi, 7), but kitdb already denotes generally well as the religious category. arab. He remained there during the reigns of Sulayman and cUmar II, i.e. R. M. SAVORY, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He then went to al-Rakka and obtained the favours of the amir cUkba b. alAshcath,. In its heyday (under Uzun Hasan and Ya'fcub) the Ak Koyunlu power cut a figure in world affairs, and with the transfer of the capital to Tabriz, Persia was on the way to regain her political entity. His grave and that of Ahmad b. Muhammad alHabshl in Shicb Mukhaddam (Shicb Ahmad) outside Husayyisa are visited by pilgrims. tr. In 1901 the town numbered 42,000 inhabitants, the district (6586 square miles = 17,058 square kilometres) 837,695 inhabitants. His tomb became one of the most frequented places of pilgrimage in Baghdad. On 6 April 1890 Segu was occupied by the French Colonel Archinard, and the following year he fled from Nyoro (occupied by Archinard on i Jan 1891) to Bandjagara where his defeat on 26 April 1893 brought an end to Tokolor dominion over the Sudan. Instead of the beam and brackets, foliated or cusped 253 arches became common and marble arcades of engrailed arches distinguished the buildings of Shah Djahan. [A. BEL, Tlemcen]. After his return to Baghdad, at the end of 370/980, he was recommended by Zayd b. Rifaca and Abu '1-Wafa3 al-Buzdjani, the mathematician, to Ibn Sacdan (also called, after his function as an inspector of the army, al-cArid—cf. After becoming a member of the Ta*rikh Endjumeni, he retired and devoted himself entirely to his studies. B. YAHYA B. ISMAC!L B. AL- C ABBAS, one of the greatest Arab m a t h e m a t i c i a n s , very probably of Persian origin, born in Buzadjan in Kuhistan, i Ramadan 328/10 June 1940.

"Ibrahim Sultan b. Shahrukh. Abu c lsa's MuHazili adversaries insinuated that he was too eager to reproduce in his book the arguments of the Manicheans. ahdli) of a town or a country is spoken of it denotes its inhabitants, sometimes, as in Medina (according to Burton), specially those who were born there and own houses.

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